Better known as a “sant-sipahi” or saint soldier Banda Bahadur was a prominent Sikh leader and General in the early 18th century. Banda Bahadur’s name itself is formed by two words “Banda” meaning humble servant and “Bahadur” meaning “brave”. Put together the name Banda Bahadur means “brave servant,” reflecting his dedication to the Sikh cause and role as a military leader.
Banda Bahadur led a revolt against the Mughal Empire and established the first Sikh Raj in Punjab but was captured, and executed by the Mughals at the age of 46 in 1716. But all said and done Banda Bahadur remains a largely forgotten hero in Sikh history.
Early Life and Conversion
Banda Bahadur originally called Lachman Das was born into a poor Hindu family in the Rajouri district of Jammu and Kashmir in 1670. Banda Bahadur was hardly 16 when he left home and became a disciple of Janaki Das a mystic and spiritual figure in the Punjab. This early spiritual influence played a significant role in shaping Banda Bahadur’s beliefs and character. But it was a brief encounter with Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru that transformed his life. Impressed by Guru Gobind Singh’s persona, Lachman Das converted to Sikhism and assumed the name Bachittar Singh.
The Guru was so impressed by 38 year old Bachittar Singh’s potential that he encouraged him to take up arms against the Mughals. At the Guru’s behest Bachittar Singh becaming a Khalsa and was named Banda Singh by the Guru.
In September 1708 Guru Gobind Singh gave Banda Singh the title of Bahadur and gave his full political and military authority to carry on the struggle on behalf of the Sikh community. The Guru also gave him a Nagara (war drum), Nishan Sahib, and five arrows from the Guru’s own quiver. He was also given command over the panj pyaras – Ram Singh, Binod Singh, Kahan Singh, Baj Singh, and Daya Singh who were tasked to assist him. Banda Singh was given the duty of punishing wrong-doers and seeking revenge for the killing of Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh.
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Banda Singh was specially instructed by the Guru to remain honest and pure in heart, not to touch another man’s wife, and consider himself to be a servant of the Khalsa and the Guru. He was asked to do everything after an ardas (prayer) and seek counsel of the Panj Pyare. Additionally we was told not to call himself Guru or form his own sects, and not to let victory or losses sway him from his path.
This guidance from the Guru set Banda Bahadur on the path of becoming a military leader and champion for the rights of the oppressed.
Rise to Prominence
Guru Gobind Singh recognized Banda Bahadur’s military prowess and appointed him as the leader of the Sikh forces in the Deccan region. To enable Banda Singh to complete his tasks Guru Gobind Singh issued a Hukamnama asking all Sikhs to join him in his war against the Mughal Empire. He was given the position of Jathedar of the Khalsa.
Banda Bahadur successfully led several military campaigns against the Mughals, capturing significant territories. His tactics included guerrilla warfare, which proved effective against a larger, more established army. In 1709, he declared the establishment of a Sikh state and began implementing reforms to redistribute land and resources, aiming to protect the rights of the oppressed.
Despite facing eventual defeat and capture in 1716, Banda Bahadur’s efforts laid the groundwork for future Sikh resistance and the establishment of Sikh identity. Banda Bahadur’s victories against the Mughals in the Deccan and Punjab, earned him the respect and admiration of the Sikh community. He became a symbol of courage and resilience, deeply influencing Sikh history.
His leadership not only inspired his contemporaries but also continues to be celebrated in Sikh culture today.
Conquests and Achievements
Banda Bahadur’s conquests and achievements were marked by bravery, strategic brilliance, and unwavering commitment to the Sikh faith during the early 18th century. Some of his notable conquests include:
- Capture of Samana: Banda Bahadur defeated the Mughal forces and captured the fort of Samana in 1709. Samana, located in present-day Punjab, was an important town under Mughal control. Capturing it helped Banda Bahadur expand his influence. The capture of Samana was one of Banda Bahadur’s significant military achievements against the Mughal Empire.
- Conquest of Sirhind: He defeated the Mughal governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan, and captured the city in 1710. Banda Bahadur’s most significant victory came with the capture of Sirhind, a key Mughal stronghold. This victory was symbolic as it avenged the execution of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons and marked a major blow to Mughal authority.
- Guerrilla Warfare: Banda Bahadur utilized guerrilla tactics effectively, conducting raids and ambushes against Mughal forces. His mobility and strategic surprise attacks allowed him to achieve victories despite being outnumbered.
- Expansion of Territory: Following Sirhind, he extended his influence over parts of Punjab and surrounding areas, establishing control over several towns and regions. He became known for liberating territories from Mughal oppression.
- Establishment of Sikh Rule: Banda Bahadur established the first Sikh kingdom, with its capital in Lohgarh.
- Land Reforms: He implemented policies to redistribute land among the poor and dispossessed, challenging the feudal system and supporting agrarian rights.
- Promotion of Sikh Identity: His leadership and conquests helped solidify a distinct Sikh identity during a time of oppression. He inspired many to join the Sikh cause, fostering a sense of unity among the community.
- Resistance against Oppression: Banda Bahadur became a symbol of resistance against tyranny, motivating future generations to fight for their rights and freedoms.
- Cultural and Spiritual Legacy: His life and actions contributed to the rich narrative of Sikh history, emphasizing the importance of faith and valor in the face of adversity.
Challenges and Controversies
Banda Bahadur’s rise to power was not without challenges. He faced opposition from within the Sikh community, particularly from the Tat Khalsa faction, who questioned his authority. Additionally, the Mughal Empire, under Emperor Bahadur Shah, launched a series of campaigns to crush Banda Bahadur’s rebellion.
After his capture and execution in 1716, debates arose about his leadership style and decisions. While many celebrated him as a martyr and hero, others questioned the effectiveness of his strategies and the long-term impact of his conquests.
Final Battle and Martyrdom
In 1716, Banda Bahadur was besieged by the Mughal forces at the fort of Gurdaspur. Despite being outnumbered and surrounded, Banda Bahadur and his followers fought valiantly. The siege lasted for several months, but ultimately, his forces were unable to sustain their defence due to dwindling supplies and reinforcements. After a prolonged battle, he was captured and taken to Delhi, where he was subjected to brutal torture. Refusing to renounce his faith, Banda Bahadur was executed on June 9, 1716.
Legacy
Banda Bahadur’s legacy is complex and multifaceted:
- Military Genius: He is remembered for his military brilliance and innovative tactics.
- Sikh Icon: Banda Bahadur’s unwavering commitment to the Sikh faith has made him an iconic figure in Sikh history.
- Social Reformer: He implemented land reforms and promoted social justice in the regions under his control.
Conclusion
Banda Bahadur’s life and legacy serve as a testament to the enduring spirit of Sikhism. His bravery, strategic brilliance, and unwavering commitment to the faith have inspired generations of Sikhs. Despite facing numerous challenges and controversies, Banda Bahadur remains an integral part of Sikh history, a symbol of resistance against oppression and a beacon of hope for the marginalized.
