Philippines foreign policy remains intricately woven with its historical experiences, informing its position amidst contemporary regional power dynamics. The geopolitical environment of the Philippines is fraught with challenges stemming from the regional power dynamics. At the heart of these challenges lies China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea, a vast expanse critical for international trade and rich in resources. The Chinese militarisation of artificial islands and maritime claims conflict with those of the Philippines, affecting not only sovereignty issues but also fishing rights and energy exploration. Issues pertain to:
- China transforming reefs into military outposts equipped with airstrips and missile defence systems.
- Philippines maintaining its territorial claims based on historical usage and international law, as upheld by the 2016 Hague Arbitration ruling which China rejected.
- Proximity to Taiwan Straits results in increased military activity around the Philippines, including frequent Chinese naval manoeuvres.
- The potential for conflict escalation here could involve the Philippines, given its strategic alliance with Taiwan’s key backer, the United States.
- Strategic partnerships with the United States place the Philippines at the crossroads of superpower competition.
- Military cooperation measures include joint exercises and defence aid, bolstering Philippine capabilities in response to regional threats.
These factors require a delicate balancing act by Philippines. Its strategic calculus must weigh national sovereignty against economic interests and diplomatic relations. The nation’s approach to national security continues to evolve, as it seeks to uphold its territorial integrity while engaging with both regional allies and larger powers vying for influence.
Balancing Between Major Powers
The foreign policy of the Philippines is like walking on a tightrope, skilfully managing the complicated world of geopolitics to maintain and strengthen alliances. Despite China’s growing power, the relationship between the Philippines and the United States remains strong. Simultaneously, the Philippines is working on building closer connections with China. This delicate approach shows how flexible and adaptable a country can be when it comes to international relationships.
The advantages of this strategy are as follows:
- Enhanced Diplomatic Leverage: By dealing with both China and the United States, the Philippines places itself in a position where it can influence decisions that affect the region and its own interests.
- Economic Benefits: Having good relations with these major powers can bring economic advantages, such as investments, trade opportunities, and financial assistance for development.
- Strategic Security: The alliance with the United States gives the Philippines a sense of security, while its ties with China can help prevent potential conflicts, especially in disputed areas of the sea.
Of course, there are also difficulties in balancing relationships with two powerful countries.
- Strategic Ambiguity: It easy to keep things equal when dealing with two nations. The Philippines needs to be careful not to get too involved or to appear biased towards one side.
- Internal Political Dynamics: People within a country have different opinions on whether it is better to align with China or the United States. This can lead to the division of public views and inconsistent policies.
- Regional Tensions: Other countries in Southeast Asia may have their own ideas regarding China’s growing influence. This could create disagreements within the ASEAN nations and make it harder for the Philippines to lead and unite them.
By adhering to this strategy, the Philippines hopes to get the most out of its relationships with both China and the United States, while still protecting its own interests and influence in the region. Over time, this complex foreign policy will shape how the country deals with future changes in world politics while staying true to its role in ASEAN and beyond.
Also Read: China-Philippines maritime conflict: a threat to Indo-Pacific security – 1
Building a Stronger Defence: Self-Reliance and Regional Cooperation
The Philippines has made noteworthy progress in improving its defence capabilities in response to the changing security situation in the Indo-Pacific region. This includes acquiring new equipment, strengthening the military, and preparing its forces for current challenges. Defence modernisation efforts cover various aspects, including the purchase of advanced jets, supersonic missiles, naval vessels, and surveillance systems that enhance the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).
The Philippines has one formal defence pact:
Mutual defence Treaty (MDT) with the United States (1951): This cornerstone treaty obliges both nations to come to each other’s aid in case of armed attack.
However, the Philippines also engages in other security collaborations through agreements and membership.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Established in 1967, ASEAN promotes regional peace and stability. The Philippines has participated in joint military exercises and dialogue to foster regional security cooperation.
Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA): This informal arrangement involving Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom aims to maintain regional stability in Southeast Asia. While not a formal treaty, the Philippines collaborates with FPDA members on maritime security and defence issues.
Beyond these, the Philippines is developing closer defence ties with several nations through agreements and memoranda of understanding (MOUs):
France: A potential Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) is under discussion, which would facilitate joint military exercises and training.
Japan: The 2023 Agreement on defence Equipment and Technology Transfer allows Japan to share technology and potentially co-develop equipment, enhancing the Philippines’ military capabilities. Discussions on reciprocal access agreements (RAA) are also ongoing.
Indonesia: The Renewed defence and Security Cooperation Agreement (DSCA) of 2023 serves as the foundation for collaboration on information exchange, joint patrols, and maritime security.
Malysia: There was an MOU in 1994 for defence cooperation on maritime security, intelligence sharing, and capacity building.
Brunei: There is an MOU in 2001 for defence cooperation on maritime security, training, defence technology, military exchanges, and capacity building.
India: An MOU on defence cooperation (2006) with a joint defence cooperation committee (JDCC) provides a framework for collaboration. The recent BrahMos missile deal and discussions on defence industry cooperation display a growing strategic partnership.
Canada: Talks of a potential MOU on defence cooperation are underway, which could lead to increased collaboration in areas such as joint exercises and information sharing.
